Recent research from Rutgers has shown that while deaths from coronary heart disease have declined from 1990 to 2019, the rate of decline has slowed since 2011. The study emphasizes the significant role of three modifiable lifestyle factors—smoking, drinking, and obesity—in the disease’s prevalence. Although advancements in treatments and diagnostics have contributed to the decline, addressing these lifestyle factors remains paramount. The team utilized vast datasets to inform future care practices and plans to next assess cardiovascular disease risk in pregnant individuals.
After decades of decline, fatal coronary heart disease could witness a resurgence unless Americans address three primary risk factors: smoking, drinking, and obesity.
A recent study from Rutgers, published in the American Heart Journal, reported that deaths from coronary heart disease among individuals aged 25 to 84 fell to 236,953 in 2019 from 397,623 in 1990. This decline occurred despite the median age of Americans rising from 33 to 38 over the past thirty years.
Notable Trends and Declines
Between 1990 and 2019, the US age-standardized coronary heart disease mortality rate per 100,000 fell from 210.5 to 66.8 for females (4 percent decline per year) and from 442.4 to 156.7 for males (3.7 percent decline per year). However, the decline has slowed significantly since 2011. Those born after 1980 were actually at slightly increased risk of dying from coronary heart disease at any age than people from the previous generation.
The findings echo those from the same team’s investigation of stroke-related deaths in the US.
The Importance of Lifestyle Modifications
Rutgers researchers noted while future advances in treatment continue reducing fatal heart disease, complementary lifestyle modifications may play an important role. It estimated that the elimination of smoking, drinking, and obesity would have prevented half of the deaths observed during the study period.
“The overall numbers are good. We saw a substantial decline in deaths from all types of coronary heart disease for both females and males,” said Cande Ananth, chief of the Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics in the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences at Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and lead author of the study. “However, because we examined how these three modifiable risk factors affected mortality rates, we can see that there is room for considerable improvement.”
Trends in Tobacco, Obesity, and Alcohol Consumption
Tobacco usage is already headed in the right direction: The percentage of Americans who smoked tobacco fell to 14 percent in 2019 from 26 percent in 1990. Obesity rates, on the other hand, rose sharply during the study period to 43 percent in 2019 from 12 percent in 1990. Alcohol usage rose slightly during the study period.
In addition to the reduction in smoking, other factors driving the decline in coronary heart disease mortality included statins (which lower cholesterol), better diagnostic tests, and more frequent use of those tests.
“Although myocardial infarctions happen without warning, the other two major types of coronary heart disease — chronic ischemic heart disease and atherosclerotic heart disease — can be diagnosed and treated years before they damage the heart muscles,” said Ananth, whose analyses of past trends aspire to improve future care.
Data Analysis and Future Directions
To achieve this, Ananth’s research team analyzes the largest possible datasets to differentiate risk among various patient subsets. The new study used anonymized data from the National Center for Health Statistics to track all heart disease fatalities in the targeted age range for the three-decade period.
“The ultimate goal is to help inform standards of care and public health priorities by determining which patients face the highest level of risk for cardiovascular events,” Ananth said. “Although increased screening and population-wide interventions are possible, the returns are likely to be minimal, at best, while costs will be prohibitively high. We need to maximize returns from our limited resources by identifying high-risk subsets of patients and targeting intervention to them.”
The team’s next study will analyze cardiovascular disease risk among pregnant patients.
Reference: “Epidemiologic trends and risk factors associated with the decline in mortality from coronary heart disease in the United States, 1990-2019” by Cande V. Ananth, Caroline Rutherford, Emily B. Rosenfeld, Justin S. Brandt, Hillary Graham, William J. Kostis and Katherine M. Keyes, 11 May 2023, American Heart Journal.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ahj.2023.05.006
